College of Environmental Design
Department of Architecture, UC Berkeley
Architecture Slide Library
Fall 1995 James Study Aid 21
I. Celts and Vikings among the peoples whose nonclassical art predominated in northern and western Europe after the fall of Rome. Small scale of rare stone buildings as seen in Monastery, Glendalough (Ireland), 9th century.
II. Carolingian architecture. Revival of monumental stone architecture during the reign of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor. Palatine Chapel, Aachen (Image)(Germany), 794-804, built for Otto of Metz: recollection of galleried octagon of San Vitale in Ravenna to legitimate imperial rule. Combination of sacred and secular authority with throne-room located in chapel rather than palace. Recollection of Roman triumphal arch and classical orders in Gateway, Lorsch (Germany), c 800. Institutional growth of monasticism as demonstrated by Plan of St. Gall, c 820: ideal plan for a large monastery with diverse building types.
III. Ottonian architecture. Reptition in Westwork (towered facade with interior chapel or gallery), Cathedral, Essen ( Image) (Germany), c 1000-50, of Palatine Chapel, as an emblem of Abbess Mathilde's right to rule over the convent and the town. Roman basilica form of St. Michaelšs, Hildesheim ( Image) (Germany), 1001-33, built in the same diocese by Bishop Bernward: apsed east and west works with transepts capped by crossing towers; introduction of Byzantine gallery in transepts.
IV. Romanesque (typically round-arched) architecture; stone construction on a ancient Roman scale. Popularity of pilgrimages. Provincial way-stations in which these travelers stayed included Church of Ste. Foy; Conques (Image1 or Image2) (France), c 1050-1130: Last Judgement portal, barrel-vaulted nave, second-story gallery, and ambulatory between apse and additional chapels. Growth of cities through foreign trade reflected in richness and scale of Cathedral (1063-1118) (Image1) or Image2), designed by Busketos, Pisa (Italy). Multi-colored marble revetment of all interior and exterior surfaces; blind arcading as exterior ornament; in plan a five-aisled basilica with triple-aisled naves and apsed transepts; three-story interior elevation: arcade, gallery, and clerestory. Roman details of this church versus less elegant but more innovative Cathedral, Durham ( Image) (England), 1093 -1133 built by Bishop William of St. Calais. Norman architecture after William the Conqueror's successful invasion of England in 1066. Ability to build on a new scale used to assert and maintain authority over a conquered people. Technological innovations which lead to Gothic -- ribbed vaulting, flying buttress, and pointed arch -- balanced by rugged Romanesque aesthetic.
Monasteries like Cluny (France) as intellectual, artistic, and economic, as well as religious centers. Enormous Abbey church of Cluny III, built 1088-c 1118, originally under direction of Abbot Hugo of Semur: five-aisled, three story nave elevation with pointed arches, barrel vaulted, double transepts.
Casto Edward Vocal Jr.
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