College of Environmental Design
Department of Architecture, UC Berkeley
Architecture Slide Library
Arch 170A Fall 1995 James Study Aid 22
I. Early medieval architecture in Scandanvia. Earthern ringworks (fortress village of Fyrkat, Denmark, c 980), long houses, and stave churches (Lom, Norway, c 1200) in northwestern Europe. Timber framing reserved for highest status buildings.
II. The English agricultural landscape. Fields owned communally by entire villages. Most permanent architecture for storage rather than dwelling. Tithe Barn, Bradford-on-Avon, built by the Abbess of Shaftsbury, c 1300. Stone walls and cruck-framed roof. Hall houses: timber-framed houses with a double height great hall and a separate, usually kitchen chamber, topped by a chamber, Clergy House, Alfriston, c 1360, a weadon house with chambers at each end). Moving up the social ladder, halls within manor houses: decoratively moated Lower Brockhampton Manor, near Bromyard, c 1380, and more defensible Stokesay Castle, c1240 and 1280-1305.
III. Monumental architecture in the countryside. Motte and bailey castles in England following the Norman conquest of 1066 (earthen ringwork with stockade atop a earthen mound as at Berkhamsted, c 1070-1100). Replaced by towered keeps (Hedingham, c 1200). This type replaced by circuits of walls punctuated by towers during the Crusades: Krak des Chevaliers, Qal'at al-Hisn (Syria) 1140s and after 1202 by the Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (Hospitallers); two successive enclosures, with living quarters at the center. Impact of Crusader castles in Europe in Welsh castles built by James St. George for Edward I (Caernarvon, 1283-1330). Built to defend small English towns of colonists and as English administrative center for Wales. Stripped walls in imitation of Constantinople. Portability of households and their furnishings. Another expansion of new settlement accompanied by monumental architecture represented by Cistercian monasteries such as Fontenay (France), begun c 1130: chapel, cloister, chapter house, and other outbuildings all now of stone. Castles like Bodiam (England), begun 1386, rendered obsolete by gunpowder.
Casto Edward Vocal Jr.
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